1 de mayo de 2017

British Hispanic studies and the Spanish language in sport

Por Jesús Castañón Rodríguez

British Hispanic studies and the Spanish language in sport

Jesús Castañón Rodríguez

Introduction

The discipline of Hispanic studies provides a framework for the international projection of culture in the Spanish language which has been defined as interest in the study of the language, literature, life, politics and customs of Spain and other Spanish speaking countries (Álvarez Barrientos, 2011; Burns Marañón, 2014; Pastor, 1948; Various authors, 2001).

It defines their cultural identity, reads and interprets the cultural past and disseminates the values they contribute to society as a whole. It feels a fascination that establishes a comparative observation, useful for those countries and for the place of origin of the Hispanist.

This discipline has enjoyed great interest and continuity in Europe and the United States, especially in the United Kingdom which has contributed different models for the appreciative study of Hispanic languages, literature and civilisation since the 16th century. Thanks to its preference for direct observation, strong visual imagination, immediate and personal treatment, the rejection of second-hand commentary and the eagerness to provide a direct, original and balanced view, it has generated numerous works and also an important presence of Hispanic studies at universities since the founding of the University of London in the 19th century (Bouza, 2007; Muñoz Rojas, 1941; Pastor, 1948; Thompson, 2006).

In the 16th and 17th centuries it gave rise to narratives of contemporary events, translations and adaptations of books with a utilitarian purpose; it favoured the study and knowledge of the Spanish language through grammar manuals, lexicons and dictionaries and the translation of books and texts on navigation and spirituality; a considerable number of Spanish books were present in private libraries; and Spanish themes bore a special influence on English theatre and novels. The following century saw a concentration on history, an interest in power fluctuations, the economic and moral decadence of the Empire with its causes and travellers. In the 19th century, Spain was presented as a romantic ideal where the personal and lived experience of the traveller was combined with the exotic, the classical, the backward, the sentimental and the passionate. And in the 20th and 21st centuries this panorama was expanded thanks to studies applied to social anthropology, oral history, feminist history and contemporary history to deal with the institutional dimensions of power, describe society and economy, analyse the responsibility and actions of the people who take decisions… And, furthermore, its diffusion was multiplied via scientific journals, new channels, Hispanist centres in London and Oxford and the creation of institutions such as the Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas.

Background

Hispanic studies publications on the Spanish language in sport, generated in non-Spanish speaking countries, have included work produced in 15 European countries (Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Norway, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Romania, Russia, Sweden and Switzerland), 3 in America (Brazil, Canada and United States), 3 in Asia (South Korea, China and Japan) and 1 in Africa (Senegal) (Castañón Rodríguez, 2012).

This work has covered at least thirty types of topic that can be grouped into eight centres of attention. First, the languages of speciality and the comparison between romance languages. Second, the journalistic language of the press, radio and television with studies on semantic scopes, aspects of grammar, chronicles, doubts regarding correct wording, stereotypes, phraseology, style books, idioms, front pages, headlines and semantic variations. Third, phonic aspects linked to the pronunciation of Anglicisms and the study of foreign words and expressions. Fourth, lexicography with works on the general lexicon of sport and physical education, vocabularies, bilingual terminology, metaphors, foreign words and expressions, lexicographical works for high-level competition, especially the Olympic Games, the Football World Cup and other international championships, and specific lexica relating to cycling, fencing, football, riding, water sports and tennis. Fifth, literature with a sports theme, with special attention to football literature. Sixth, education with resources for Spanish as a foreign language focusing on sport as an opportunity for work and as an attractive environment in which to approach Spanish culture. Seventh, the compilation of general and annotated bibliographies. And eighth, sociology with contributions relating to the history of sport, social studies on football, resources for the creation of myths and the transmission of social values through the cinema, politics and literature.

Current situation

Within this general framework, British Hispanic studies has broadened and it has enriched the traditional conception of Hispanic studies as the language, literature and political history of Spain to integrate modern sport in cultural studies that reflect on the activities of the human being as a social being, disseminated through the media and in which to express identity (Deacon, 2001; Graham Labanyi, 1995; Jordan Morgan-Tamosunas, 2000).

Sport has been of interest for cultural history as it generates behaviours, disseminates positive ideas and creates a memory that is permanently recreated by means of artistic manifestations, shared representations and the use of rhetoric, and moreover the language of sport serves as a source of wording for other news areas. Its political, cultural, emotional and aesthetic dimensions have occupied various studies on global society. Furthermore, it has generated studies on social values that set out to analyse aspects of internationalism, interculturalism, education, health, quality of life, social integration and voluntary work.

In this setting, the focus of British Hispanic studies has turned to cultural studies that cover the relationship between identity and the creation of Spain’s Autonomous Communities, gender focus for literature, the sociolinguistic analysis of the media, the cinema… with the aim of engaging in the study of Spanish sport (Deacon, 2001). It has benefitted from several facilitating bodies. This is the case of the publishers Routledge for social studies of sport and Cambridge University Press for the linguistic study of Anglicisms, as well as numerous scientific journals on cultural studies (Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, International Journal of Iberian Studies, Journal of Cultural Geography, Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies and Studies in Latin American Popular Culture), linguistics (Linguistics and language behaviour abstracts: LLBA), history of sport (The International Journal of the History of Sport) and sociology (International Review for the Sociology of Sport, National Identities and Sport in Society). And it has been present in activities organised by the Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas, which was founded in Oxford in 1962 (Hernán-Gómez Prieto, 2010), and in other English-speaking countries such as Ireland, which experienced the development of an intensive activity in 1982 to learn the language of football and its journalistic language (Arias, 1982 and Sierra, 1982).

The production of British Hispanic studies regarding the Spanish language in sport has comprised six main blocks.

First, a section dedicated to history and which has recorded two aspects: general historiography, which referred to mass leisure in contemporary society (Carr 1983 and 1985) and to portraying the sporting interests of great political figures (Ellwood, 1984; Preston 1990 and 2011), and the history of daily life, thanks to the account of the influence on daily life in Spain of great sports personalities, such as Beckham or Maradona (Burns Marañón 2004 and 2005).

In second place, a block of culture. This began with the tales of travellers in the 19th century to discover Spanish customs and stereotypes (Ford 1845). It continued with the study of the media with a sociological focus and the boost provided by the BBC, both with its Latin American Service from 14 March 1938 understanding sports competition as a bridge for communication of the current affairs and cultural values of the Spanish-speaking world, and with the creation of the space Footballculture.net, together with the British Council, to favour language learning (Ciaffaroni, 2003). Hispanic Studies paid considerable interest to the use of the internet for virtual identity construction (Crolley, 2008), the internal and external communication models of sports clubs (Suárez-Otero Redondo, 2006), the representation of sportswomen (Crolley, Hand and Teso, 2007), the social meaning of sport in general (Harrison and Davis, 1995), the political and social meaning of clubs (Burns Marañón, 1999), the Spanish national team (Burns Marañón, 2013; Quiroga Fernández de Soto, 2013 and 2014), the experience of fans and their characterisation (Crolley, 2000) and, above all, the presence of narratives that express identity or relationships between nationality and the State in the media and in chronicles, paying special attention to the cases of Catalonia and the Basque Country (Blain, Boyle and O’Donnell, 1993; Capistegui and Walton, 2001; Crolley, 1997; Crolley and Hand, 2002, 2005 and 2006; Crolley, Hand and Jeutter, 2006; Duke and Crolley, 1996; León Solís, 1996 and 2003; MacClancy, 1996; Pérez Garzón, 2003; Quiroga Fernández de Soto, 2013 and 2014; Shaw, 1987; Shobe, 2008).

The correct use of the language in relationship with physical education and its repercussion on international education (International Baccalaureate Organization, 2007), the compilation of general bibliographies of Anglicisms with references to those used in the field of sports in Spain (Görlach, 2002), specialised terminology in bilingual dictionaries (Hernán-Gómez Prieto, 2010), the compiling of dictionaries (Manton and Webb, 2000; Smyth, 1996; Webb, 2003), the generation of dictionaries of terminological equivalents in several languages for the Football World Cup (Arias, 1982 and Sierra 1982) and the analysis of the standards of journalistic language (Stewart, 1999) make up the third sphere of attention.

The fourth block provided studies on intellectuals and physical culture (Johnson, 2005), female writers prior to the civil war (Johnson, 2004), the relationship between literature and popular culture (Wood, 2003 and 2005), Latin American sports  literature with references to Spain and its perspectives (Castañón Rodríguez, 2010; Wood, 2007 and Wood, Johnson, Mangan, Majumdar and Dyerson, 2009) and the explanation of the historical success of the Spanish national football team, between 2008 and 2012, with symbolic references to the figure of Don Quixote (Quiroga Fernández de Soto, 2013 and 2014).

A fifth section was related to the existence of bibliographies that include references to sports language (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Inc. Internet Database Service, 2007).

Finally, the sixth centre of interest dealt with the presence of women in football during the 20th century by means of a cinematographic documentary, initially produced at the University of Roehampton, that included the testimony of the pioneers and diverse opinions of experts in journalism, the history of sport and language (Troncoso Grao, 2013).

Conclusions

In summary, British Hispanic studies has provided a thought-provoking view of the Spanish language in sport, the originality of which resides in an interdisciplinary approach to the study, the gradual incorporation of the journalistic language of sport in the educational sphere in both regulated and non-regulated teaching, the presence of Spanish in multilingual works for high-level competition, the predominance of media over literary sources with a sports theme, literary analysis centred solely on popular culture… In its vision of identity via the media, perhaps excessively centred on Catalonia and the Basque Country, it would be possible to expand this panorama with an analysis of the decentralisation of the daily sports press in different Autonomous Communities during the 1990s in La Coruña, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza and, in the 21st century, with the generation of digital sports journalism, thanks to its new narrative forms and the expression of local and regional identities in the global era throughout Spain (Castañón Rodríguez, 2014).

Bibliographical references 

Álvarez Barrientos, J. (2011).  Mirar las miradas. En Álvarez Barrientos, J. (Ed.): Memoria del hispanismo. (pp. 7-13). Madrid: Siglo XXI.

Arias, I. (1982): Diccionario periodístico del Mundial. Madrid: Oficina de Información Diplomática.

Blain, N. y R. Boyle y H. O’Donnell (1993). Sport and National Identity in Media. Leicester: Leicester University Press.

Bouza, F. (Ed). 2007. Anglo-Hispana. Cinco siglos de autores, editores y lectores entre España y el Reino Unido. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura.

British Broadcasting Corporation-The British Council (2001): Football Culture.net. Londres: British Broadcasting Corporation. 

Burns Marañón, J. (1999). Barça: la pasión de un pueblo. Barcelona: Anagrama.

– (2004). Cuando Beckham llegó a España. Madrid: Pearson Alhambra.

– (2005). Maradona: la mano de Dios. Madrid: Ediciones Folio.

– (2013). De Riotinto a la Roja. Madrid: Editorial Contra.

Burns Marañón, T. (2014). Hispanomanía: Con un Prólogo para franceses. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.

Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Inc. Internet Database Service (2007). Linguistics and language behaviour abstracts: LLBA, 41-4.

Capistegui, F. J. y J. K. Walton (Eds.) (2001). Guerras danzadas. Fútbol e identidades locales y regionales en Europa. Pamplona: Eunsa.

Carr, R. (1983). España: de la Restauración a la democracia, 1875-1980. Barcelona: Ariel.

– (1985). España, 1808-1975. Barcelona: Ariel.

Castañón Rodríguez, J. (1993). El lenguaje periodístico del fútbol. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.

– (2010). Deporte y literatura hoy, una vivencia artística múltiple. En XXVI Encuentro de Escritores y Críticos de las Letras Españolas en Verines, Mcu.es. Recuperado de: http://www.mcu.es/lectura/pdf/v10_jesus_castanon.pdf

– (2012). La expansión del lenguaje periodístico del deporte. En Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, 168. Recuperado de: http://www.efdeportes.com/efd168/la-expansion-del-lenguaje-periodistico-del-deporte.htm.

– (2012). El lenguaje periodístico del deporte en el idioma español del siglo XXI. En Historia y comunicación social, 17, 341-356.

– (2013). El lenguaje deportivo y sus culturas. En Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, 181. Recuperado de: http://www.efdeportes.com/efd181/el-lenguaje-deportivo-y-sus-culturas.htm.

– (2014) El lenguaje periodístico del deporte en la comunicación digital. En Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, 193. Recuperado de: http://www.efdeportes.com/efd193/el-lenguaje-periodistico-del-deporte-digital.htm.

Ciaffaroni, M. T. (2003).Football Culture.net. En The Journal of Teaching English with Technology, 3-2. Recuperado de: http://www.tewtjournal.org/VOL 3/ISSUE 2/11_FOOTBALLCULTURE.pdf

Crolley, L. (1997). Real Madrid v. Barcelona: The State against a Nation. En International Journal of Iberian Studies, 10-1, 33-43.

– (2000). Football an fandom in Spain. En Jordan, B y R. Morgan-Tamousnas (Eds.): Contemporary Spanish Cultural Studies. Londres: Edward Arnold.

– (2008). “Using the Internet to Strengthen its Identity: The Case of Spanish Football. En Sport in Society, 11-6, 722-738.

Crolley, L. y D. Hand (2002). Fottball, Europe and the Press. Londres: Frank Cass, 2002.

– (2005). Spanish Identities and the European Press: The Case of Football Writing. En International Journal of the History of Sport, 22-2, 298-313.

– (2006). Football and European Identity. Historical Narratives and the Press. Londres: Routledge.

Crolley, L. y D. Hand y R. Jeutter (2006). National obsessions and identities in football match reports. En Brown, A. (Ed.): Fanatics! Power identity and fandom in football (pp. 173-185). Londres: Routledge,

Crolley, L. y D. Hand y E. Teso (2007). Gendered Narratives in Spain: The Representation of Female Athletes in Marca and El País. En International Review for the Socilogy of Sport, 42-3, 149-166.

Deacon, P. (2001). El hispanismo británico: Estado actual y perspectivas. En Arbor, 664, 595-607.

Duke, V y L. Crolley (1996). Football, Nationality and the State. Harlow: Longman.

Ellwood, S. (1984): Prietas las filas. Historia de la Falange Española, 1933-1983. Barcelona: Grijalbo.

Ford, R. (1845). A hand-book for travellers in Spain and readers at home: describing the country and cities, the natives and their manners, the antiquities, religion, legends, fine arts, literature, sports, and gastronomy: with notices on Spanish history. London: J. Murray.

Görlach, M. (Ed.) (2002). An Annotated Bibliography of European Anglicisms. Londres: Oxford University Press.

Graham, H. y J. Labanyi (Eds.) (1995). Spanish Cultural Studies: An Introduction: The Struggle for Modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Harrison, D. Y M. Davis (1995). Sporting fever. Londres: British Broadcasting Corporation-WGBH Boston.

Hernán-Gómez Prieto, B. (2010). La presencia de la terminología deportiva en un diccionario bilingüe español-italiano. En Civil. P. y F. Crémoux (Eds.): Actas del XVI Congreso de la Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas. Nuevos caminos del hispanismo… Madrid: Veuvert.

International Baccalareaute Organization (2007). Guía de la Educación Física, Programa de los Años Intermedios. Cardiff: International Baccalareaute Organization.

Jhonson, P. L. (2004). Women Writing on Physical Culture in Pre-Civil War Catalonia. En Working Papers, Academic Year 2003-2004/18. Recuperado de: http://ies.berkeley.edu/pubs/workingpapers/AY0304-18-Physical_Culture.pdf

– (2004). Woman Unbound? Negotiating Images of the Modern in Nineteen Thirties’ Catalonia. En Bulletin of Spanish Studies, 6, 807-822.

– (2005). Intellectuals and Physical Culture: An Exercise in Mutual Suspicion”. En Romance Quarterly, 52-2, 135-147.

Jordan, B. y R. Morgan-Tamosunas (Eds.) (2000). Contemporary Spanish Cultural Studies. Londres: Arnold.

Lavric, E. y G. Pisek, A. Skinner y W. Stadler (Eds.) (2008): The Linguistics of Football. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen.

León Solís, F. (1996). El juego de las nacionalidades. En International Journal of Iberian Studies, 9-1, 28-45.

– (2003). Negotiating Spain and Catalonia: Competing Narratives of National Identity. Bristol: Intellect Books.

Manton, M. y B. Webb (2000). Yatchsman’s ten language dictionary. Londres: A C Black.

MacClancy, J. (1996). Sport Identity and Ethnicity. Oxford: Berg.

Muñoz Rojas, J. A. (1941). Datos para la historia de las relaciones hispano-inglesas. En Revista de Estudios Políticos, 1-4, 641-662.

Pastor, A. (1948). Breve historia del hispanismo inglés. En Arbor, 28-29, 7-45.

Pérez Garzón, J. S. (2003). State Nationalism: Cultural Nationalism and Political Alternatives. En Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 4-1, 74-64.

Preston, P. (1990). Francisco Franco la política y la paciencia. En Diario 16, Madrid, 4 de octubre.

– (2011). Franco, Caudillo de España. Madrid: Debolsillo.

Quiroga Fernández de Soto, A. (2013). Football and National Identities in Spain. The Strange Death of Don Quixote. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.

– Goles y banderas. Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2014.

Shaw, D. (1987). Fútbol y franquismo. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.

Shobe, H. (2008). Place identity and football: Catalonia, Catalanisme and Football Club Barcelona, 1899-1975. En National Identities, 10-3, 329-343.

– (2008). Football an dhe Politics of Place: Football Club Barcelona and Catalonia, 1975-2005. En Journal of Cultural Geography, 25-1, 87-105.

Sierra, J. A. (1982). Soccer and media: English‑Spanish vocabulary and ídioms for sports. Learn and play ‑Aprenda jugando‑ Sports dictionary. Dublín: Wolfhond.

Smyth, A. W. H. (1996). Sailor’s word book a dictionary of nautical terms. Londres: Putman Aeronautical Books.

Stewart, M. (1999). The Spanish Language today. Londres: Routledge.

Suárez-Otero Redondo, E. (2006). Idioma sportinguista. Labores de comunicación en el Real Sporting de Gijón. University of Wolverhampton.

Thompson, I. A. A. (2006) Aspectos del hispanismo inglés y la coyuntura internacional en los tiempos modernos (siglos XVI-XVIII). En Obradoiro de Historia Moderna, 15, 9-28.

Troncoso Grao, C. (Dir.) (2013). Algo más que una pasión. La Perla Films/RTVE.

Varios autores (2001). Presente y futuro del hispanismo en el mundo. En Nueva Revista, 77.

Webb, B. (1983). Yachtmans eight languages dictionary.Londres: Adiard Coles.

Wood, D. (2005). De sabor nacional: el impacto de la cultura popular en el Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

– (2005). Reading the Game: The Role of Football in Peruvian Literature. En The International Journal of the History of Sport, 22-2, 266-284.

– (2003). From Right Wing to Midfield: A Study of Soccer in Peru. En Studies in Latin American Popular Culture, 23.

– (2007). Sport and Latin American Studies. En Bulletin of Spanish Studies: Hispanic Studies and Researches on Spain, Portugal and Latin America, 84-4, 629-643.

Wood, D. y P. L. Johnson, J. A. Mangan, B. Majumdar y M. Dyerson: Sporting Cultures: Hispanic Perspectives on Sport, Text an the Body. Londres: Routledge, 2009.